The monograph is devoted to the initial period of formation of the foreign policy of Soviet Russia, which signed in 1921 the first treaties with Afghanistan, Iran and Turkey. It analyzes the peculiarities of relations of the young Soviet state with its southern neighbors and the complex geopolitical and economic situation in these countries, as well as the content of the treaties and the consequences of their implementation. It also gives the assessment of the treaties by domestic and foreign researchers, both at the time of their signing and at the present time. The book is of interest to experts on the Near and Middle East and all those who are interested in national history.